英国法律人曾不无讽刺地说：事实上，它们（政治问题）由美国法官在法院里裁决并不意味着在那里它们不能被政治性地解决。

3一言以蔽之，五四宪法不是近代西方意义上的"权利契约书"，而是为完成国家阶段发展任务的保障书。政治革命的年代，奉行的是打破一个旧世界，建立一个新世界的激情。

"初期美洲各种殖民的形式虽已逐渐归于消减，但遗留下来的政治制度，对日后美国的宪政组织却具有永久的重要性，美洲的殖民政府和开国后各州政府基本组织的形式，可说全是殖民公司的遗物。"1但是这部宪法通过之后，并未起几年作用，实际上从1956年下半年随着反右倾斗争的扩大化，这部宪法已经名存实亡了。这样，蒋介石尚未退出大陆，六法全书已被共产党人埋葬了。这部宪法创制是党重视的产物，1宪法发挥作用的时间由党的思想事先确定，2它在实施中的命运由党的思想决定。托克维尔在论美国的民主时，总结了三项有利于维护美国民主的原因：上帝为美国人安排的独特的、幸运的地理环境。

对自由、财产等人权的渴望一直是人类为之奋斗的目标。制定这部宪法的目的是在四九年共同纲领的基础上，在已经取得成就的前提下，进一步把现存的资本主义成分转变为社会主义性质，通过完成过渡时期的总任务，实现建设社会主义的目标。这意味着该机关只需要调查已经存在的档案或者应《信息自由法》要求的文件。

审查费用不应包括解决依据本法律处理公众信息申请过程中引起的法律或政策问题的任何成本费用。并且不需要通过律师提交申请。明知并且故意以虚假身份申请《隐私权法》信息公开的，属于刑事犯罪。《隐私权法》同时建立了对于联邦机关的总的档案管理要求。

对与第三类申请者收取的费用限于文件的复印和检索费用，不包括审查费用。该修改权仅限于受《隐私权法》管辖的档案。

（4）商业秘密和从个人处所得到的应保密的商业或金融信息。一直以来各个机关对于申请都是按照先到，先出的原则。这部法律推定要求被公开的信息都应该公开除非政府的有关部门可以根据法律的规定不公开的例外来证明有关的信息不能公开。这项原则不是联邦政府公开信息的原则。

在这种情况下，政府必须告知曾经接受过该项档案披露的相对人该项更正。机关可以依照其具体规章制度决定是否符合特殊需求。政府机构必须在30日内（不包括周六，周日，及法定假日），决定是否支持对拒绝申请修改的上诉，除非政府机构有理由要求延期。有些机关会重复印制所有的系统通知。

因为档案在判定是否豁免前就已经定为机密，机关没有实际上的拒绝公开档案的权利。食品行业中的食谱就是一种典型的商业机密。

为了避免这一问题，1996年的修正案确立了三种档案豁免。（D）向（3）小节中任何个体发布的正式和非正式的档案，因为种类的问题，机构的决定成为了或者很有可能成为后来答复的内容。

1972House Committee on Government Operations. Records Maintained By Government Agencies. Hearings, 92nd Congress, 2d Session. 1972.1974House Committee on Government Operations. Access to Records. Hearings, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.House Committee on Government Operations. Federal Information Systems and Plans--Federal Use and Development of Advanced Information Technology. Hearings, 93rd Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions. 1973-1974.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy Act of 1974. H. Rept. 93-1416, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations. Protecting Individual Privacy in Federal Gathering, Use and Disclosure of Information. S. Rept. 93-1183, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations. Materials Pertaining to S. 3418 and Protecting Individual Privacy in Federal Gathering, Use and Disclosure of Information. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on Government Operations and Committee on the Judiciary. Privacy: The Collection, Use, and Computerization of Personal Data. Joint hearings, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Data Banks and Constitutional Rights. Summary. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974.Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Federal Data Banks and Constitutional Rights. Committee print, 93rd Congress, 2d Session. 1974. 6 v.1975House Committee on Government Operations. Central Intelligence Agency Exemption in the Privacy Act of 1974. Hearings, 94th Congress, 1st Session. 1975.House Committee on Government Operations. Implementation of the Privacy Act of 1974: Data Banks. Hearing, 94th Congress, 1st Session. 1975.1976House Committee on Government Operations. Notification to Victims of Improper Intelligence Agency Activities. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2d Session. 1976.Senate Committee on Government Operations and House Committee onGovernment Operations. Legislative History of the Privacy Act of 1974, S. 3418 (Public Law 93-579): Source Book on Privacy. Joint committee print, 94th Congress, 2d Session. 1976.1977Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs and House Committee on Government Operations. Final Report of the Privacy Protection StudyCommission. Joint hearing, 95th Congress, 1st Session. 1977.1978House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy and Confidentiality Report and Final Recommendations of the Commission on Federal Paperwork. Hearing, 95th Congress, 1st Session. 1978.House Committee on Government Operations. Right to Privacy Proposals of the Privacy Protection Study Commission. Hearings, 95th Congress, 2d Session. 1978.1980House Committee on Government Operations. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. H. Rept 96-832 Part 1, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy of Medical Records. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 1980.House Committee on Government Operations. Public Reaction to Privacy Issues. Hearing, 96th Congress, 1st Session. 1980.House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. H. Rept 96-832 Part 2, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Description and Brief Analysis of H.R. 5935, Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. Committee print, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act. Hearing, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.House Committee on Ways and Means. Federal Privacy of Medical Information Act, H.R. 5935. Committee print, 96th Congress, 2d Session. 1980.1981House Committee on Government Operations. Confidentiality of Insurance Records. Hearings, 96th Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions. 1981.House Committee on Government Operations. Debt Collection Act of 1981. Hearing, 97th Congress, 1st Session. 1981.House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy Act Amendments. H. Rept. 97-147 Part 1, 97th Congress, 1st Session. 1981.1983House Committee on Government Operations. Oversight of the Privacy Act of 1974. Hearings, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1983.House Committee on Government Operations. Who Cares About Privacy?Oversight of the Privacy Act of 1974 by the Office of Management and Budget and by the Congress. H. Rept. 98-455, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1983.Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Oversight of Computer Matching to Detect Fraud and Mismanagement in Government Programs. Hearings, 97th Congress, 2d Session. 1983.1984House Committee on Government Operations. Privacy and 1984: PublicOpinions on Privacy Issues. Hearing, 98th Congress, 1st Session. 1984.Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Computer Matching: Taxpayer Records. Hearing, 98th Congress, 2d Session. 1984.1986Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1986. Hearing, 99th Congress, 2d Session. 1986.1987House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1987. Hearing, 100th Congress, 1st Session. 1987.1988House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988. H. Rept. 100-802, 100th Congress, 2d Session. 1988.1990House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990. Hearing, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.House Committee on Government Operations. Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990. H. Rept. 101-768, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.House Committee on Government Operations. Data Protection, Computers, and Changing Information Practices. Hearing, 101st Congress, 2d Session. 1990.1991House Committee on Government Operations. Domestic and International Data Protection Issues. Hearing, 102d Congress, 1st Session. 1991.1992House Committee on Government Operations. Designing Genetic Information Policy: The Need for an Independent Policy Review of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project. H. Rept. 102-478, 102d Congress, 2d Session. 1992.2000House Committee on Government Reform. H.R. 4049, To Establish the Commission for the Comprehensive Study of Privacy Protection. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.House Committee on Government Reform. H.R. 220, The Freedom and Privacy Restoration Act. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.House Committee on Government Reform. The Privacy Act and the Presidency. Hearing, 106th Congress, 2d Session. 2000.附录4. 国会以外有关如何适用《信息自由法》和《隐私权法》之书目选（Appendix 4. Select Bibliography of Non-Congressional Materials on Using the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act of 1974）注：以下资料每隔一段时间可能被更新或出版新的版本，所以以下书目是在本《指南》更新时已有的最新版。个人为了个人用途、非商业用途而搜寻信息。行政当局应采取特别律师建议的矫正措施。这一要求避免了机关保留秘密档案系统。附录 1 有一个《隐私权法》申请的范例。该检索过程中可能会由于打印或者保存而产生新的档案。

机密的标准是由总统而不是《信息自由法》或者其他法律所决定的。Public Law 101-56 延迟了其对与大部分匹配项目的生效期限直至1990年1月1日。

申请者仍然可以向中央情报局或者执法部门提出信息公开申请。(B)(i) 根据（a）分节第（6）款提出申诉的人共提出多少次申诉及申诉的结果如何，每次申诉中拒绝提供信息的理由。

首先，该申请信必须注明该申请是根据《信息自由法》所提出的。1988年《计算机匹配和隐私保护法》原计划于1989年7月生效。

该守则中包括完整的联邦机关，对于各个联邦机关的功能的介绍，以及各个联邦机关的地址。[28]行政管理和预算局在1975年颁布了各个机关执行《隐私权法》的指导原则。秘密信息包括州、地方政府、外国机关或者私有机构所获得的秘密信息。（D）可以合理地预期会暴露秘密的信息来源，包括州、地方政府、外国的机构或机关、或任何私人组织在秘密的基础上提供信息的情况在内。

信息公开申请者在提交申请前先去联邦规则法典（图书馆和上一脚注中提到的联邦公告网站均可以查找到）中查找到该机关的规则将会起到事半功倍的效果。（C）不论法律有任何其它规定，被告在收到原告根据本法律（a）分节提出的任何控诉后的30天内，必须作出答复或答辩，除非法院基于正当理由，另有其它指示时例外。

[5]事实上，所有的国会官方档案都会对广大公众公开。1996年修正案明确，可以预见的日常工作堆积不属于本法律所指的特殊情况，其并不成为该机关忽视时间限制的理由。

例如，某机关可以公开属于例外的机关内部备忘录，因为该内部备忘录的公开不会带来任何不良后果。申请费会因申请者是商业用途，新闻媒体代表，教育和非盈利性科研组织和个人而异。

(c)（1）当一个申请涉及到取得（b）分节第（7）款（A）分款的档案，而且：(A) 调查或处理程序涉及到可能违反刑法，以及(B) 有足够的理由相信：（i）调查或程序的对象不知道程序正在进行之中，（ii）暴露档案的存在有理由预料会干扰执法的程序。对该法律的上诉状包含三个要素。如果政府机构未能遵守隐私权法，而且对个人造成任何不利，个人也可起诉政府机构。这些特殊情况包括：需要从较远的地方调取档案，审查大量的档案，咨询其他机关。

国会不允许任何机关的答复晚于截止日期。例外7（B）允许机关拒绝公开将会剥夺公民获得公平审判权利的档案。

(F) 在完全或部分拒绝文件申请时,机关应尽适当的努力，估算出拒绝文件申请的数量,并把这一估算告知文件申请人, 除非提供这一估算会损害(b)分节豁免保护的利益。针对不同的申请者，有不同的申请费。

__年__月__日（日期），本人基于《信息自由法》申请相关文件。调查和更正档案是《隐私权法》中最重要的规定。